Terrorism and Counterterrorism

TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM:
UNDERSTANDING THE NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT, READINGS AND
INTERPRETATIONS
Second Edition
by Russell Howard Reid Sawyer

“Colonel Russell Howard and Captain Reid Sawyer have collected and organized
new and reprinted
articles and essays by political scientists, government officials, and members of
the nation’s armed
forces. The editors and several of the authors write from practical field experience
in the nation’s war on
terrorism. Others have had significant responsibility for planning government policy
and responses. The
contributors include a majority of the significant names in the field including
General Barry McCaffrey,
Martha Crenshaw, Bruce Hoffman, Barry Posen, Jessica Stern, Ashton Carter.

“Part One of the book analyzes the philosophical, political, and religious roots of
terrorist activities
around the world and discusses the national, regional, and global effects of
historical and recent acts of
terrorism. In addition to material on the threats from suicide bombers, as well as
chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear weapons, there are also important contributions analyzing
new and growing
threats: narco-terrorism, cyber-terrorism, genomic terrorism, and agro-terrorism.

“Part Two deals with past, present, and future national and international responses
to--and defenses
against--terrorism. Essays and articles in this section analyze and debate the
practical, political, ethical,
and moral questions raised by military and non-military responses (and
pre-emptive actions) outside of
the context of declared war.

“Five detailed Appendices: Chronology of Terrorism Incidents, Groups Designated
as Foreign Terrorist
Organizations, Terrorist Group Profiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Definitions.

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"This book presents the best, most current thinking in the field." - General Barry
R. McCaffrey, USA
(Ret.), former member of the National Security Council and director of the White
House Office of National
Drug Control Policy

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FROM THE AUTHOR

“In 1984 when I first became involved in anti-terrorism and counterterrorism efforts,
most terrorism was
ideological. It was part of the East versus West, Left versus Right confrontation- a
small but dangerous
side-show to the greater, bipolar, Cold War drama. In the past, terrorism was
almost always the province
of groups of militants that had the backing of states hostile to America. Under the
old rules, as Brian
Jenkins stated decades ago, "terrorists wanted a lot of people watching, not a lot
of people dead." They
did not want large body counts because they wanted converts. Today's terrorists,
explains former CIA
Director James Woolsey, are not particularly concerned about converts and don't
want a seat at the
table. "They want to destroy the table and everyone sitting at it." The events of
September 11 are
compelling evidence of the "new terrorism" and its tactics. Clearly, terrorists now
want a lot of people
watching, and a lot of people dead.

“Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the New Security Environment,
draws on the expertise
of academics, policymakers, and those who are charged with carrying out policy to
explain the "new
terrorism" and its many ramifications. As the title implies, perhaps the most
important feature of the book
is to provide alternative ideas on how to counter the "new terrorism." Among the
contributors are
internationally recognized terrorism experts Martha Crenshaw, Bruce Hoffman,
Magnus Ranstorp,
Richard K. Betts, Barry Posen, Jessica Stern, and Ashton Carter. Reid Sawyer
and I have selected new
as well as previously published essays for Terrorism and Counterterrorism that
analyze the roots of
terrorist activity and the global effects of these acts, debate U.S. political and
military options for
retaliation and future protection, and apply theory to practice in an easily
understood format.” - Colonel
Russ Howard

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD by Barry R. McCaffery
PREFACE by Russell D. Howard

PART ONE – DEFINING THE THREAT

CHAPTER 1.TERRORISM DEFINED
1.1 Bruce Hoffman, from Defining Terrorism, Inside Terrorism (Columbia University
Press, 1998)
1.2 Paul R. Pillar, “The Dimensions of Terrorism and Counterterrorism,” Terrorism
and US Foreign
Policy (Brookings Institution Press, 2001)
1.3 Eqbal Ahmad and David Barsamian, fromTerrorism: Theirs and Ours(Seven
Stories Press, 2001)

CHAPTER 2. WHY TERRORISM?
2.1 Martha Crenshaw, from “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product
of Strategic
Choice, in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies,
Theologies, States of Mind
(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998)
2.2 Louise Richardson, “Global Rebels Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 4
(Fall 1998)

CHAPTER 3. THE NEW TERRORISM MODEL
3.1 Bruce Hoffman, from “The Modern Terrorist Mindset: Tactics, Targets and
Technologies, Columbia
International Affairs Online Working Paper (October 1997)
3.2 John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, from “Networks, Netwar, and
Information-Age
Terrorism, in Ian O. Lesser, John Arquilla, Bruce Hoffman, David Ronfeldt, Michele
Zanini and Brian
Jenkins, Countering The New Terrorism (RAND Corporation, 1999)

CHAPTER 4. RELIGION
4.1 Magnus Ranstorp, from “Terrorism in the Name of Religion,” Journal of
International Affairs (Summer
1996)
4.2 Mark Juergensmeyer, from The Logic of Religious Violence, in David C.
Rapoport, ed., Inside
Terrorism Organizations (Columbia University Press, 1998)

CHAPTER 5. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
5.1 Jessica Stern, from “Getting and Using the Weapons,” The Ultimate Terrorists
(Harvard University
Press, 1999)
5.2 Christopher F. Chyba, from Toward Biological Security, Foreign Affairs
(May/June 2002)
5.3 Michael L. Moodie, from The Chemical Weapons Threat, in Sidney D. Drell,
Abraham D. Sofaer,
George D. Silson, Eds., The New Terror: Facing the Threat of Biological and
Chemical Weapons
(Hoover Institution Press, 1999)

CHAPTER 6. THE THREAT OF OTHER FORMS OF TERRORISM
6.1 Barry R. McCaffrey and John A. Basso, from Narcotics, Terrorism and
International Crime: The
Convergence Phenomenon, An Original Essay Written for This Volume(July, 2002)
6.2 Gregory J. Rattray, from The Cyberterrorism Threat, in James M. Smith and
William C. Thomas,
eds., The Terrorism Threat and U.S. Government Response: Operational and
Organizational Factors
(USAF Institute for National Security Studies, March 2001)
6.3 Jason Pate and Gavin Cameron, from “Covert Biological Weapons Attacks
Against Agricultural
Targets: Assessing the Impact Against U.S. Agriculture,” BCSIA Discussion Paper
2001-9, ESDP
Discussion Paper ESDP-2001-05, John F. Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University (2001)
6.4 G. Davidson Smith, from “Single Issue Terrorism,” Commentary No. 74, a
Canadian Security
Intelligence Service Publication (Winter 1998)

PART II–COUNTERING THE TERRORIST THREAT
CHAPTER 7. THE CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM
7.1 Laura K. Donohue, adapted from “Fear Itself: Counterterrorism, Individual
Rights, and U.S. Foreign
Relations Post 9-11,” A Paper Presented at the International Studies Association
Convention, New
Orleans (March, 2002)
7.2 Bruce Hoffman, from “A Nasty Business,” The Atlantic Monthly (January 2002)
7.3 Anthony Clark Arend, from “Terrorism and Just War Doctrine,” in Elliott
Abrams, ed., Close Calls:
Intervention, Terrorism, Missile Defense, and ‘Just War’ Today (Ethics and Public
Policy Center, 1998)
7.4 Brad Roberts, from “NBC-Armed Rogues: Is There a Moral Case for
Preemption?” in Elliott Abrams,
ed., Close Calls: Intervention, Terrorism, Missile Defense and ‘Just War’ Today
(Ethics and Public Policy
Center, 1998)

CHAPTER 8. STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES FOR COMBATING
TERRORISM
8.1 Richard K. Betts, from “The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical
Advantages of Terror,”
Political Science Quarterly (2002)
8.2 James S. Robbins, from “Bin Laden’s War,” An Original Essay Written for This
Volume (2002)
8.3 Richard H. Shultz and Andreas Vogt, from The Real Intelligence Failure on
9/11: The Case for a
Doctrine of Striking First, An Original Essay Written for This Volume (2002)
8.4 Barry R. Posen, from “The Struggle Against Terrorism: Grand Strategy,
Strategy, and Tactics,”
International Security (Winter 2001/02)
8.5 Michele L. Malvesti, from “Explaining the United States’ Decision to Strike
Back at Terrorists,”
Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001)

CHAPTER 9. ORGANIZING TO FIGHT TERRORISM
9.1 Ashton B. Carter, from “The Architecture of Government in the Face of
Terrorism,” International
Security (Winter 2001/02)
9.2 Russell D. Howard, from “The National Security Act of 1947 and Biological and
Chemical Weapons:
A Midcentury Mechanism For End-Of-Millennium Threats,” An Original Essay
(2000)
9.3 Richard K. Betts, from “Fixing Intelligence,” Foreign Affairs (January/February
2002)
9.4 Martha Crenshaw, from “Counterterrorism Policy and the Political Process,”
Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism (2001)

CHAPTER 10. INSTRUMENTS OF COUNTERTERRORISM
10.1 Sam C. Sarkesian, from “The New Protracted Conflict: The U.S. Army Special
Forces Then and
Now,” Orbis (Spring 2002)
10.2 Rob de Wijk, from “The Limits of Military Power,” The Washington Quarterly
(Winter 2002)
10.3 Daniel B. Pickard, from “Legalizing Assassination? Terrorism, the Central
Intelligence Agency, and
International Law,” The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
(2001)
10.4 David J. Rothkopf, from “Business Versus Terror,” Foreign Policy (May/June
2002)

APPENDICES

Appendix A Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Appendix B Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2001

Appendix C Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past
and Present

Appendix D Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September
11, 2001

Appendix E Terrorism Incidents (1981 – 2001)

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2006, 624 pages. Order #DR683.
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